Grapes: Vitis vinifera; Vitaceae
Varieties: Muscat (Panneer), Pachadraksha, Anab-e-Shahi, Thompson Seedless, Arka Shyam, Arka Kanchan, Arka Hans, Manik Chaman, Sonaka, Sharadh Seedless and Flame Seedless.
Soil and climate: Well-drained rich loamy soil with a pH of 6.5 - 7.0 with low water table with EC less than 1.0. Soil depth should be atleast 1 m.
Field preparation and planting: Trenches of 0.6 m width and 0.6 m depth are to be dug at a distance of 3 m apart for Muscat and pits of 1m x 1m x 1m should be dug for other varieties. Well-decomposed FYM or compost or green leaf manure has to be applied in the trenches or pits as the case may be and then covered with soil. Plant the rooted cuttings in June-July.
Spacing: 3 x 2 m for Muscat, 4 x 3 m for other varieties.
Irrigation: Irrigate immediately after planting and on the 3rd day and then once in a week. Withhold irrigation 15 days before pruning and also 15 days before harvest.
Training: The vines are trained with single stem upto pandal with a stalk on tipping at 2 m height. The main arms are developed and trained on opposite directions. On further tipping, secondary and tertiary arms are developed for spreading all over pandal.
Pruning: In general four bud level of pruning for Muscat, Pachadraksha, Bangalore Blue, Anab- e-Shahi and Arka hybrids and two bud level for Thompson Seedless may be adopted. It is better to decide the level of pruning as per bud forecasting technique. Weak and immature canes should be pruned to one or two buds to induce vegetative growth.
Pruning Season
Summer crop: Pruning in December – January and harvesting in April – May. Monsoon crop: Pruning in May-June and harvesting in August-September. Manures and fertilizers (Kg per vine)
VARIETY | FYM | GREEN LEAVES | N | P | K | ||||||||||
I | II | III | I | II | III | I | II | III | I | II | III | I | II | III | |
Muscat | 50 | 50 | 100 | 50 | 50 | 100 | 0.10 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.08 | 0.16 | 0.16 | 0.30 | 0.40 | 0.60 |
Pachadraksha Thompson seedless | 50 | 50 | 100 | 50 | 50 | 100 | 0.20 | 0.30 | 0.40 | 0.08 | 0.16 | 0.24 | 0.40 | 0.8 | 1.2 |
Sonaka, Manikchaman Sharad seedless, Anab-e-Shahi | 50 | 50 | 100 | 50 | 50 | 100 | 0.20 | 0.40 | 0.60 | 0.08 | 0.16 | 0.24 | 0.40 | 0.8 | 1.2 |
The manures should be applied twice after pruning. Apply half the dose of potash immediately after pruning and the other half after 60 days of pruning.
Preparation of 1% Bordeaux mixture: A quantity of 500 g of Copper sulphate should be dissolved in 25 lit of water and 500 g of lime in another 25 lit of water separately. The copper sulphate solution should be added to the lime solution constantly stirring the mixture. Earthern or wooden vessels and plastic containers alone should be used and metallic containers should not be used. To find out whether the mixture is in correct proportion, a polished knife should be dipped in the mixture for one minute and taken out. If there is reddish brown deposit of copper, additional quantity of lime should be added till there is no deposit in the knife.
Foliar spray of 0.1% Boric acid + 0.2% ZnSO4 + 1.0% Urea twice before flowering and 10 days after first spray to overcome nutrient deficiency.
Special practices: Tipping of shoots and tying of clusters in the pandal after the fruit set. Remove tendrils. Nipping the growing shoots of axillary buds and terminal buds at 12 to 15 buds. Thinning the compact bunches by removing 20 % of the berries at pea stage.
Dip the clusters in solution containing Brassinosteroid 0.5 ppm and GA3 25 ppm at 10-12 days after fruit set to maintain vigour, yield and quality parameters.
Plant protection; Pests
Nematodes: Apply 60 g of Carbofuran 3 G or 20 g Phorate 10 G per vine a week before pruning and the plots are irrigated profusely. The soil should not be disturbed for atleast 15 days. Thereafter normal manuring may be done. Application of neemcake 200 g/vine also controls nematodes. Alternatively application of Pseudomonas fluorescens formulation in talc containing 15 x 108 colony forming units/g, 30 cm away from base of the vine atleast 15 cm depth at the time of pruning.
Flea beetles: Spraying phosalone 35 EC (2ml/lit of water) after pruning and followed with two or three sprayings. The loose bark may be removed at the time of pruning to prevent egg laying.
Thrips: Methyl demeton 25 EC or dimethoate 30 EC 2 ml/lit of water.
Mealy bug: Apply quinalphos or methyl parathion dust in the soil @ 20 kg/ha to kill the phoretic ants. Spray methyl demeton 25 EC or monocrotophos 36 WSC at the rate of 2 ml/lit of water or spray dichlorvos 76 WSC at the rate of 1 ml/lit with fish oil rosin soap at 25 g/lit. Release Coccinellid beetle, Cryptolaemus montrouzieri at the rate of 10 per vine.
Stem girdler: Swab the trunk with carbaryl 50 WP 2 gm/lit. Safe waiting period: Five days for dimethoate and carbaryl.
Diseases
Powdery mildew: Spray 0.3% Wettable sulphur or dust sulphur @ 6-12Kg/ha in the morning.
Anthracnose and downy mildew: Spray 1 % Bordeaux mixture or any other copper fungicide
at 0.25 %. Depending upon the weather conditions the sprays have to be increased.
Ripening: To get uniform ripening in Muscat, spray the bunches at 20th day after berry set and another spray on 40th day with 0.2% Potassium chloride (2 g/lit).
Dip the clusters of Thompson seedless and other seedless varieties at calyptra fall with 25 ppm GA (25 mg/lit) and repeat again at pepper stage to increase the size of berries.
Yield
Seedless | : | 15t/ha/year | |||
Muscat | : | 30t/ha/year | |||
Pachadraksha | : | 40t/ha/year | |||
Anab-e-Shahi and Arka hybrids | : | 20t/ha/year | |||
Pomegranate: Punica granatum L.; Punicaceae
Varieties: Jyothi, Ganesh, CO 1, YCD 1, Araktha, Rudhra and Mirudhula.
Soil and climate: It is grown in a wide range of soils; drought resistant and tolerant to salinity and alkalinity. Cool winter and dry summer are necessary for the production of high quality fruits. It performs well upto 1800 m elevation.
Planting: Rooted cuttings or layers of 12 to 18 months age can be planted during June to December in pits of 60 cm x 60 cm x 60 cm at 2.5 to 3 m spacing either way.
Irrigation: Copious irrigation is essential during fruiting season.
Application of fertilizers: (per plant)
Manures and Fertilizers | 1st year | 2nd to 5th year | 6th year onwards | |
FYM | 10 kg | 20 kg | 30 kg | |
N | 200 g | 400 g | 600 g | |
P | 100 g | 250 g | 500 g | |
K | 400 g | 800 g | 1200 g | |
Training and pruning: Fruits are borne terminally on shoot growth emerging from mature
wood. To promote new shoots on all sides annual pruning is done after harvest is completed during December by shortening of past season shoot by removing one third of the shoot. Besides, dried, diseased and cross-cross branches and root suckers are removed. The tree is trained to get a single stem upto 60 cm with 3 or 4 scaffold branches. Thinning of flower clusters ensures better size of the fruit. Spraying liquid paraffin at 1 % concentration at 15 days interval twice during June reduces fruit cracking.
Plant protection; Pests
Aphids: Release of first instar larvae of green lace wing bug Chrysopherla carnea @ 50 grubs/
flowering branch four times at 10 days interval starting from flower initiation during April.
Fruit Borer:
1) Bag the fruits with polythene covers during flowering period to prevent egg-laying when the fruits are upto 5 cm diameter. Spray neem oil 3 % or NSKE 5% at the time of butterfly activity. Repeat it if necessary twice at an interval of 15 days.
2) Adopt ETL (5 eggs/plant with bearing capacity of 60 fruits)
3) Release T. chilonis @ 1 lakh/acre.
Apply endosulfan 35 EC 2 ml/lit or malathion 50 EC 2 ml/lit
Yield: 20-25 t/ha/year.
Apple: Malus sylvestris; Rosaceae
Varieties: Warm winter resistant varieties with low chilling requirements alone are suitable to the hills of Tamil Nadu.
Early varieties: Yield : April – May.
Irish Peach and Zouches Pipin.
Mid season varieties: Yield : June – July.
Carrington and Winterstein.
Late varieties: Yield : August – September.
Rome Beauty, Parlin’s Beauty and KKL 1.
Soil and climate: Red lateritic soils with good drainage and high organic matter are more suitable. The soil pH should be around 5.8 to 6.2. Can be grown from 1200 to 2000 m.
Planting material: One year old grafts on M.778 and M.779 rootstocks during June – July.
Season: June to December.
Spacing: 4 x 4 m in pits of 60 cm x 60 cm x 60 cm.
Irrigation: Water the plants till establishment.
Application of fertilizer: Apply FYM 25 kg. N 500 g and 1 kg in each of P and K per bearing tree.
Training and pruning: The tree is trained to open centre system. Prune the tree every December – January.
Plant Protection; Pests
Wooly aphids: Use resistant rootstalks M 778, 799, MM 104, MM 110, MM 112, MM 113, MM 114 and MM115.
The parasite Aphelinus mali should be conserved in the field. Spray methyl demeton 25 EC at the rate of 4 ml/lit.
Disease
Apple scab: To control apple scabs follow the spray schedule:
1. Silver tip to green tip : Captafol or Mancozeb or 2 g/lit.
2. Pink bud or after 15 days : Mancozeb 2 g/lit.
3. Petal fall : Carbendazim 0.5 g/lit.
4. 10 days after petal fall : Mancozeb 2 g/lit.
5. 14 days after fruit set : Captafol 2 g/lit.
Add stickers like Triton AE or Teepol at 10 ml/10 lit of spray fluid. Use low volume sprayers.
Lichens: Spray quick lime 1 kg/20 lit of water after pruning to control lichens growth.
Yield: 10 – 20 kg/tree/year. The tree starts bearing from 4th year of planting.
Pear: Pyrus communis L. ; Rosaceae
Varieties: Common pear, Kieffer, New Pear, William and Jargonelle.
Soil and climate: Red laterite soil with good drainage and high organic matter content. Can be grown at an elevation of above 1200 m. pH 5.8 to 6.2. Planting material: Plant one year old grafts/rooted cuttings. Planting season: June to December.
Spacing: 5 x 5 m or 6 x 6 m in pits of 60 cm x 60 cm x 60 cm size.
Application of fertilizers: Apply FYM 25 kg, N 500 g and 1 kg in each of P and K per bearing tree/year.
Training and pruning: Remove stock sprouts regularly. Train the plants to open centre system and prune every year in November - December. Top working on country pear with choice varieties can be done during December - January with cleft grafting.
Plant protection: No serious pest and disease are noticed. Prophylactic spraying with a copper fungicides and methyl demeton after pruning can be given.
Harvest: Early varieties will come to harvest in May – June and late varieties in July – October.
Yield: 100 to 120 kg per tree per year in common pear.
70 to 80 kg per tree per year in Kieffer and New Pear.
30 to 40 kg per tree per year in William and Jargonelle.
Peach: Prunus persica; Rosaceae
Varieties
Early: (April – May) Killikrankie and Floridasun.
Mid season: (June – July) Shaw Pasand.
Late: (July – August) Red Shanghai.
Soil and Climate: Red lateritic soil with good drainage and high organic matter is suitable. Grown at an elevation of 2000 m. Soil pH should be around 5.8 to 6.2.
Planting material: One year old budded plants.
Planting season: June – December.
Spacing: 4 x 4 m in pits of 60 cm x 60 cm x 60 cm.
Manures and fertilizers: Apply FYM 25 kg. N 500 g and 1 kg in each of P and K per bearing tree.
Training and pruning: Train to open centre system. The trees are pruned annually during December – January. Dried, diseased, water shoots and criss-cross branches may be removed.
Plant protection
Lichens: Against lichens growth, spray 1 kg of quick lime/20 lit of water immediately after pruning.
Pests
Fruit Fly: Spray malathion 50 EC at the rate of 2 ml/lit of water. Set up methyl eugenol 1 % trap with malathion 50 EC 2 ml/lit between 6 a.m. and 8 a.m. Use polythene bags fish meal trap with
5 gm of wet fish meal + 1 ml. dichlorvos in cotton. 50 traps are required/ha, fish meal + dichlorvos soaked cotton are to be renewed once in 20 and 7 days respectively.
Diseases
Leaf curl: To control leaf curl aphids spray methyl dimeton 25 EC 2 ml/lit.
Spray Carbendazim 0.5 g/lit.
Powdery mildew: Spray Carbendazim 0.5 g/lit. or use Sulphur dust @ 25 kg/ha.
Yield: 10 – 15 kg/tree/year.
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