Tomato: Lycopersicon esculentum Mill; Solanaceae
Varieties: PKM 1, CO 3 (Marutham) and Paiyur 1.
Soil: Well drained loamy soil rich in organic matter with a pH range of 6.5-7.5.
Season of sowing: May - June and November - December
Seed rate: Apply FYM 10 kg, Neemcake 1 kg, VAM 50 g, Super phosphate 100 g and 10 g furadon per square metre before sowing.
Seed treatment: Treat the seeds with Trichoderma viride 4 g or Pseudomonas fluroscens 10 g or Carbendazim 2 g per kg of seeds 24 hours before sowing. Just before sowing, treat the seeds with Azospirillum @ 40 g/400 g of seeds. Sow in lines at 10 cm apart in raised nursery beds and cover with sand.
Preparation of field: Plough the land to a fine tilth. Form ridges and furrows and transplant 25
days old seedlings on one side of the ridges. Apply 2 kg of Azospirillum, Phosphobacteria per
ha mixed with 100 kg FYM before planting.
Spacing: PKM 1, Paiyur 1 : 60 x 45 cm
CO 3 : 45 x 30 cm
Irrigation: After establishment of seedlings irrigate at weekly intervals.
Application of fertilizer: Apply FYM 25 t/ha, N 75 kg, P 100 kg, K 50 kg, Borax 10 kg and Zinc sulphate 50 kg/ha as basal dose and 75 kg N/ha on 30th day of planting during earthing up. Spray 1 ppm (1 mg in one lit) Triacontanol, 15 days after transplanting and at full bloom stage to increase the yield.
Weed control: Apply Pendimethalin 1.0 kg a.i./ha or fluchloralin 1 kg a.i/ha as pre-emergent herbicide followed by one hand weeding 30 days after planting.
Mulching: Black LDPE sheets of 25 micron thickness and bury both the ends into the soil to a depth of 10 cm.
Pests
Fruit borer: Helicoverpa armigera and Spodoptera litura (common for both) Grow simultaneously 40 days old American tall marigold and 25 days old tomato seedlings @ 1:16 rows.
i. Set up pheromone traps @ 12/ha.
ii. Collection and destruction of damaged fruits and grown up caterpillars.
iii. Spray endosulfan 35 EC 2 ml/lit or carbaryl 50 WP 2 g/lit or Bacillus thuringiensis 2g/lit or quinalphos 2.5 ml/lit.
iv. Release Trichogramma chilonis @ 50000/ha release coinciding with flowering time and based on ETL.
For Helicoverpa armigera: H.a.NPV 1.5 x 1012 POBs/ha
For Spodoptera litura: S.l. NPV 1.5 x 1012 POBs/ha
Provide poison bait with carbaryl 1.25 kg, rice bran 12.5 kg, jaggery 1.25 kg and water 7.5 lit.
Serpentine leaf miner: Spray Neem Seed Kernel Extract 50 g/lit.
Whitefly:
1. Install yellow sticky traps to attract the adult.
2. Spray dichlorvos 76 WSC @ 1 ml/lit or triazophos 40 EC 2 ml/lit or fish oil rosin soap
25 g/lit. or dimethoate 2 ml/lit or methyl demeton 25 EC 2 ml/lit. Add wetting agent.
3. Remove alternate weed host Abutilon indicum
Nematode: Application of Carbofuran 3 G at 10 g/sq.m at sowing and 1 kg a.i./ha in the main field one week after transplanting. Treat the seeds with antagonistic fungi Trichoderma viride at
4 g/kg seed along with pressmud at 5 kg/m2 for nematode disease complex.
Diseases –
Damping off (nursery)
Treat the seeds with Trichoderma viride 4 g/kg or Pseudomonas fluorescens 10 g /kg of seed 24 hours before sowing. Apply Pseudomonas fluorescens as soil application @ 2.5 kg/ha mixed with 50 kg of FYM. Stagnation of water should be avoided. Drench with Copper oxychloride at 2.5 g/lit at 4 lit/sq.m.
Leaf spot: Spray Zineb or Mancozeb 2 g/lit.
Leaf curl: Spray systemic insecticides like Methyl demeton or Monocrotophos or Dimethoate
at 2 ml/lit. to kill the insect vector, whitefly.
Tomato spotted wilt virus: Carbofuran 3 G 1 kg a.i./ha in nursery at sowing and second application at 1.25 kg a.i./ha 10 days after transplanting in mainfield and 3 sprays of Endosulfan
35 EC 1.5 ml/lit @ 25, 40, 55 days after transplanting.
Yield:
PKM 1 : 30-35 t/ha CO 3 : 40 t/ha Paiyur 1 : 30 t/ha
Brinjal: Solanum melongena L. ; Solanaceae
Varieties: CO 2, MDU - 1 , PKM 1, PLR 1, KKM – 1, PPI 1, Annamalai and COBH 1 (Hybrid)
Soil: Well drained soil rich in organic matter with pH of 6.5-7.5
Season of Sowing: December – January and May – June.
Seed rate:
Varieties : 400 g/ha Hybrids : 100 g/ha Nursery area : 100 sq.m./ha.
Apply FYM 10 kg, neem cake 1kg, super phosphate 100 g, furadan 10 g per square metre.
Treat the seeds with Trichoderma viride @ 4 g/kg of seed. Treat the seeds with Azospirillum at
40 g/400 g of seeds using rice gruel as adhesive. Irrigate with rose can. In raised nursery beds sow the seeds in lines at 10 cm apart and cover with sand. Transplant the seedlings 30 – 35 days after sowing at 60 cm apart in the ridges.
Spacing : 60 x 60 cm
Preparation of Field: Plough the field to a fine tilth. Apply FYM or compost at the last ploughing and form ridges and furrows at 60 cm apart. Pre-emergence application of pendimethalin @ 1.0
kg a.i (or) fluchloralin 1 g a.i/ha is recommended.
Irrigation: After establishment, irrigate at weekly intervals.
Application of fertilizers: Apply FYM 25 t/ha. N 50 kg, P 50 kg and K 30 kg/ha as basal dose,
N 50 kg/ha 30 days after transplanting during earthing up. Apply 2 kg each of Azospirillum and Phosphobacteria in the mainfield at planting. Spray 2 ppm (1 ml in 500 lit) Triacontanol plus Sodium Borate or Borax 35 mg/lit of water 15 days after transplanting and at the time of full bloom to increase the yield.
After cultivation: One hand weeding, Top dressing and earthing up on 30 days after planting.
Pests
Nematode and Damping off disease: Seed treatment with antagonistic fungi viz. Trichoderma harzianum 4 g/kg seed or T. viride 4 g/kg seed along with application of press mud at 5 kg/m2 or Carbonfuran 3 G 10 g/m2. Application of Carbofuran 3 G at 10 g/sq.m at the time of sowing. Apply Pseudomonas fluorescens at 10 g/m2 for nematodes and damping off disease.
Epilachna beetle: Collect the beetles, grubs, pupae and destroy. Spray carbaryl 50 WP 2 g/lit
or endosulfan 35 EC 2 ml/lit.
Whitefly: Monitor the whitefly with yellow sticky trap at 12/ha. Spray Neem oil 3% plus
Teepol (1 ml/lit) or spray Neem Seed Kernel Extract 5 %.
Shoot & fruit borer: Remove the affected terminal shoot showing boreholes. Remove the affected fruits and destroy. Spray any one of the following chemicals starting from one month after planting at 15 days interval.
1. Carbaryl 50 WP 2 g/lit + Wettable Sulphur 50% WP 2 g/lit.
2. Endosulfan 35 EC 2 ml/lit + Neem oil 3 %.
3. Quinalphos 25 EC 2 ml/lit + Neem oil 3 %.
4. Neem Seed Kernel Extract 5 %.
5. Avoid using synthetic pyrethroids.
Ash Weevil: Apply carbofuran 3 G at 15 kg/ha 15 days after planting.
Aphid: Methyl demeton 25 EC 2 ml/lit or dimethoate 30 EC 2 ml/lit. Release 1st instar larvae of
Green lace wing bug (Chrysoperla carnea) @ 10,000 per ha.
Red Spider mite: Spray dicofol 18.5 EC 2.5 ml/lit or wettable sulphur 50 WP 2 g/lit.
Diseases
Damping off: Treat the seeds with Trichoderma viride 4 g/kg or Pseudomonas fluorescens 10
g /kg of seed 24 hours before sowing. Apply Pseudomonas fluorescens as soil application @
2.5 kg/ha mixed with 50 kg of FYM. Stagnation of water should be avoided. Drench with
Copper oxychloride at 2.5 g/lit at 4lit/sq.m
Leaf Spot: Spray Mancozeb 2 g/lit.
Little Leaf: Remove the affected plants in the early stages and spray methyl demeton 25 EC 2
ml/lit or dimethoate 30 EC 2 ml/lit. to control the vector.
Yield:
Varieties : 25 - 30 t/ha
Hybrids : 45 - 50 t/ha
Bhendi: Abelmoschus esculentus (L) Moench; Malvaceae
Varieties: MDU 1, Arka Anamika, Arka Abhay, Parbhani Kranti and CO 3 (hybrid). Soil: It is adaptable to a wide range of soils from sandy loam to clayey loam.
Season and sowing: June - August and February.
Seed rate: 8.0 kg/ha
Apply FYM 10 kg, neem cake 1kg, super phosphate 100 g, furadon 10 g per square metre. Seed treatment with Tricoderma viride 4 g/kg of seeds are again treated with 400 g of
Azospirillum using starch as adhesive and dried in shade for 20 minutes. Sow three seeds per hill at 30 cm apart and then thin to 2 plants per hill after 10 days.
Preparation of field: Plough the land 4 - 5 times and form ridges and furrows at 45 cm apart.
Spacing: 45 x 30 cm
Irrigation: After germination, irrigate at weekly intervals.
Application of Fertilizers: Apply FYM 25 t/ha, N 20 kg, P 50 kg and K 30 kg/ha as basal and
20 kg N/ha 30 days after sowing. Apply Azospirillum and Phosphobacteria each at 2 kg/ha mixed in 100 kg of FYM before sowing.
Foliar nutrition: 1 % urea (10 g/l) + 1% Muriate of Potash (10 g/l) on 30 and 45 days after planting.
For hybrids, foliar application of water soluble fertilizer 19-19-19 grade three times @ 0.5% at 10
days interval from 30 days after planting.
Weed control: Spray Oxyflourfen at 0.15 kg ai/ha or Fluchloralin at 1.0 kg ai/ha or Metolachlor
at 0.75 kg a.i/ha as pre emergence application on third day after sowing. Herbicide application should be integrated with one hand weeding on 30 days after sowing.
Pests
Fruit borers: Integrated Pest management
Spray carbaryl 50 WP 2 g/lit. or endosulfan 35 EC 2 ml/lit. or monocrotophos 36 WSC 2 ml/
lit. combined with or neem seed Kernel extract 5 %.
1. Set up pheromone trap at 12/ha.
2. Collection and destruction of affected fruits.
3. Release of egg parasite Trichogramma at 1.0 lakh/ha.
4. Release of 1st instar larvae of green lace wing bug Chrysoperla carnea @ 10,000/ha.
5. Spray Bacillus thuringiensis 2 g/lit.
Leaf hopper: Monocrotophos 36 WSC 2 ml./lit. or dimethoate 30 EC 2 ml/lit combined with neem seed kernel extract 5 %.
Nematode: Application of Carbofuran 3 G 1 kg a.i /ha or Phorate 10 G 1 kg a.i./ha and Neem cake 400 kg/ha at sowing in furrows along with fertilizers.
Diseases
Yellow vein mosaic virus: Spray monocrotophos 2 ml/lit to kill the vectors i.e., white flies.
Powdery mildew: Dust Sulphur 25 kg/ha or spray Dinocap 2 ml/lit or Tridemorph 0.5 ml/lit or Carbendazim 1 g/lit or Wettable sulphur 2 g/lit immediately after noticing the disease and repeat after 15 days or four sprays of Triademephon (0.5%) at 10 days interval from 30 days after sowing
Yield: 12 - 15 t/ha
Chillies: Capsicum annuum L.; Solanaceae
Varieties: K 1, K 2, CO 1, CO 2, CO 3, CO 4 (Vegetable type), PKM 1, PMK 1 (for semi-dry conditions in Southern Districts) and PLR1 (for coastal regions of North - East Tamil Nadu).
Soil: Well drained loamy soil rich in organic matter with pH range 6.5-7.5.
Season of sowing
| 1) January | - | February |
| 2) June | - | July |
| 3) September | - | October |
Seed rate: 1.0kg/ha.
Nursery area: 100 sq.m/ha.
Treat the seeds with Trichoderma viride @ 4 g/kg and sow in lines spaced at 10 cm in raised nursery beds and cover with sand. Watering with rose can has to be done daily. Drench the nursery with Copper oxychloride at 15 days interval against damping off disease. Apply Carbofuran 3 G at 10 g/sq.m. at sowing.
Preparation of field: Plough the land to a fine tilth. Form ridges and furrows 45 cm apart. Transplant 40-45 days old seedlings at 30 cm spacing. Adopt 30 x 15 cm for CO 3 Chillies in flat beds.
Irrigation: Irrigate at weekly intervals.
Application of fertilizers: Apply FYM 25 t/ha. N 30 kg; P 60 kg and K 30 kg/ha as basal and
30 kg N/ha each on 30, 60 and 90 days of planting.
Potassium as K2SO4 for quality improvement. Application of potassium in the form of potassium sulphate will increase quality of chilli.
Weed control: Spray Fluchloralin 1 lit a.i/ha or pendimethalin 1 kg/a.i. or oxyflourfen 0.15 kg/a.i.
as pre-emergence herbicide and may be combined with one hand weeding and earthing up 45
days after planting. Raise intercrop of onion in paired row system to get additional income.
Growth regulator: Spray NAA 10 ppm (10 mg/lit of water) on 60 and 90 days after planting to increase fruit set. Spray Triacontanol at 1.25 ppm (1.25 ml/lit) on 20, 40, 60 and 80th day of planting.
Pests
Fruit borer: Integrated pest management of fruit borer:
1. Set up pheromone traps for Helicoverpa armigera/Spodoptera litura at 12 No./ha.
2. Collection and destruction of damaged fruits and grown up caterpillars.
3. Spray Bacillus thuringiensis at 2 g/lit.
4. Provide poison bait with carbaryl 1.25 kg, rice bran 12.5 kg, jaggery 1.25 kg and water 7.5
lit/ha.
5. Spray carbaryl 50 WP 3 g/lit or chlorpyriphos 20 EC 3 ml/lit or quinalphos 25 EC 2 ml/lit.
Thrips: Spray dimethoate 30 EC 2 ml/lit or methyl demeton 25 EC 2 ml/lit or formothion 2 ml/lit or dust quinalphos 1.5 D at 20 kg/ha thrice at fortnightly intervals.
Aphids: Acephate 75 SP 1 g/lit or methyl demeton 25 EC 2 ml/lit or phosalone 35 EC 2 ml/lit.
Yellow Muranai mite: Spray dicofol 18.5 EC 2.5 ml/lit or ethion 50 EC 4 ml/lit or wettable sulphur
50 WP 6 g/lit.
Rootknot nematode: Apply TNAU formulation of VAM (containing 1 spore/g to control rootknot nematode in nursery).
Diseases
Damping off: Treat the seeds with Trichoderma viride 4 g/kg or Pseudomonas fluorescens 10
g /kg of seed 24 hours before sowing. Apply Pseudomonas fluorescens as soil application @
2.5 kg/ha mixed with 50 kg of FYM. Stagnation of water should be avoided. Drench with
Copper oxychloride at 2.5 g/lit at 4 lit/sq.m
Leaf spot: Spray Mancozeb 2 g/lit or Copper oxychloride 2.5 g/lit.
Powdery mildew: Spray Wettable sulphur 3 g/lit or Carbendazim 1 g/lit, 3 sprays at 15 days interval from the first appearance of symptom.
Die-back and fruit rot: Spray Mancozeb 2 g/lit or Copper oxychloride 2.5 g/lit thrice at 15 days interval starting from noticing the die-back symptoms.
Chilli mosaic: Raise 2 rows of maize or sorghum for every 5 rows of chilli crop against wind direction. Spray recommendations given for aphids may be adopted for controlling the vector.
Yield: 2 - 3 t/ha of dry pods or 10 - 15 t/ha of green chillies
Capsicum (Sweet pepper / Bell pepper): Solanaceae
Varieties: Arka Basant, Arka Gaurav, Arka Mohini, Green Gold, Bharath. Soil: Well drained loamy soil rich in organic matter.
Seasons of sowing: September - February
Seed rate: 1.250 kg/ha
Nursery area: 3 cents/ha
Treat the seeds with 2.5 g of Bavistin and sow in lines across the bed at a spacing of 2.5 cm and then covered with top soil and then paddy straw. Watering with rose can has to be done daily. On 20th day of sowing 300g of furadan 3G granules have to be applied in between the seedling lines across the bed stir the soil and then the beds are irrigated.
Preparation of field: Plough the field to a fine tilth. Form ridges and furrows 45 or 60 cm apart. Transplant 40-45 days old seedlings at 30 cm spacing.
Irrigation: Irrigation at weekly or 10 days interval.
Application of fertilizers: Apply FYM 25 t/ha 40:60:30 kg NPK/ha as basal and 40 kg N/ha each on 30, 60 and 90 days of planting.
Weed control: On 30th day, one hoeing and weeding and the plants are earthed up.
Growth regulator: Spray 1.25 ppm triacontanol (10 lit. of water) on 20th, 40th, 60th and 80th day after transplanting. Spray NAA 50 ppm (1 ml planofix /4.5 lit. of water) on 60 and 90 days after planting.
Pests
Nematodes and Sucking pests: Apply carbofuran 10-12 kg/ha at 15 days after transplanting followed by dimethoate @ 1ml/lit. at 25 days interval.
Aphids and Thrips: monocrotophos @ 1.5 ml /lit for control aphids. Neem oil 1% or neem cake extract 5% to control aphids and thrips. For white aphids acephate 1 kg/ha.
Diseases: Powdery mildew: Wettable sulphur @ 2g/lit
Dieback and fruit rot: Mancozeb @ 2g/lit.
Harvest and yield
Fully matured green fruits should be harvested before ripening. Yield 15 tonnes/ha in 150-160 days.
Pumpkin: Cucurbita moschata Poir.; Cucurbitaceae
Varieties: CO 1, CO 2, Arka suryamuki and Arka Chandan.
Soil: Sandy loam rich in organic matter and with good drainage. The pH range from 6.5-7.5 is found ideal.
Season and sowing: June- July and December- January.
Soak the seeds in double the quantity of water for 30 minutes and incubate for 6 days. Sow the seeds (5 seeds/pit) treated with Azospirillum just before sowing and thin the seedlings to two per pit after 15 days.
Seed rate: 1.0 kg /ha.
Spacing: 2 m x 2 m. Pit size 30 cm x 30 cm x 30 cm.
Application of fertilizers: Apply 10 kg of FYM (20 t/ha) and 100 g of NPK 6:12:12 g as basal and 10 g of N per pit after 30 days of planting.
After cultivation: Hoe and weed thrice. Spray Ethrel 250 ppm (2.5 ml per 10 lit of water) four times at weekly intervals commencing from 10 to 15 days after sowing.
Pests and diseases
Beetles and caterpillars: Spray malathion 50 EC 1 ml/lit. or dimethoate 30 EC 1 ml/lit. or methyl demeton 25 EC 1 ml/lit. or fenthion 1000 EC 1 ml/lit.
Fruit fly
1) Collect the damaged fruits and destroy.
2) The fly population low in hot day conditions and it is peak in rainy season. Hence adjust the sowing time accordingly.
1) Plough the field to expose the pupae.
2) Use polythene bags fish meal trap with 5 gm of wet fish meal + 1 ml. dichlorvos in cotton. 50 traps are required per ha, fish meal + dichlorvos soaked cotton are to be renewed once in 20 and 7 days respectively.
Do not use DDT, lindane 1.3% dust, copper and sulphur dust. These are phytotoxic
Diseases
Powdery mildew: Spray Dinocap 1 ml/lit or Carbendazim 0.5 g/lit.
Downy mildew: Spray Mancozeb or Chlorothalonil 2 g/lit twice at 10 days interval.
Yield: 18-20 t/ha in 140 days.
By:
Mohammad Safar Alizada (Noori)
Sr. MSc.(Agri)
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